Is It Really (All) About Empathy?—A Strong Reflexivity Approach to Emotionally Charged Research Experiences
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-26.1.4344Keywords:
affects, autoethnography, depth hermeneutics, emotions, empathy, psychoanalysis, research vignette, strong reflexivity, subjectivityAbstract
In this article, we seek to deepen the understanding and reflexive analysis of emotionally charged situations in the research process. Through a nuanced and critically evaluative approach, we explore the complex meanings of empathy as presented in the qualitative methods discourse. We argue that empathy is an overstretched concept that can be more profoundly defined when situationally contextualized. For instance, empathy may refer to solidarity in political aspirations, humanity and compassion in research ethics, or affective resonance in methodological contexts. Focusing on the latter, we examine instances of seemingly "unsuccessful "or "failed" empathy in two of our projects. Utilizing the framework of "strong reflexivity" (KUEHNER, PLODER & LANGER, 2016), we discuss methodological strategies for analyzing and interpreting emotionally challenging research encounters. We argue that situational "failures" can yield invaluable insights for critical knowledge production when examined and communicated through a reflexive lens.
Downloads
References
Abd-al-Majeed, Raem; Berg, Philipp; Brehm, Alina; Jentsch, Sebastian; Kaufhold, Charlie; Monecke, Matthias; Schwertel, Tamara & Witzel, Hauke (2020). Szene und Affekt. Die Bedeutung der Gruppe in der Tiefenhermeneutik. Menschen, 43(4/5), 24-29.
Aberasturi-Apraiz, Estibaliz; Correa Gorospe, Jose M. & Martínez-Arbelaiz, Asunción (2020). Researcher vulnerability in doing collaborative autoethnography: Moving to a post-qualitative stance. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 21(3), Art. 8, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-21.3.3397 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Adams, Tony E.; Ellis, Carolyn & Holman Jones, Stacy (2017). Autoethnography. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781118901731.iecrm0011 [Accessed: February 15, 2024].
Adams, Tony E.; Holman Jones, Stacy & Ellis, Carolyn (2015). Autoethnography: Understanding qualitative research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Akesson, Bree; Hoffman, David A. "Tony"; El Joueidi, Samia & Badawi, Dena (2018). "So the world will know our story": Ethical reflections on research with families displaced by war. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 19(3), Art. 5, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-19.3.3087 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Allsop, David B.; Leavitt, Chelom E.; Saxey, Matthew T.; Lawlor, Jenna M.; Yorgason, Jeremy B. & James, Spencer L. (2021). How empathy moderates associations between sexual and relational satisfaction. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 47(6), 545-557.
Andersen, Linda L. (2003). When the unconscious joins the game: A psychoanalytic perspective on modernization and change. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 4(3), Art. 26, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-4.3.674 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Andreychik, Michael R. (2019). I like that you feel my pain, but I love that you feel my joy: Empathy for a partner's negative versus positive emotions independently affect relationship quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(3), 834-854.
Behringer, Franziska; Füger, Laura; Möbius, Alexander; Obermeyer, Paul; O´Donnokoé, Niclas; Töpper Friedrich; Winter, Sebastian & Langer, Phil C. (2024). "Als würde man Pappreste oder kalorienfreien Puffreis essen". Bedeutungen von und Umgang mit Langeweile in einem qualitativen Forschungsprojekt zu "völkischer" Jugend in Deutschland. Psychologie & Gesellschaftskritik, 48(1), 467-489.
Bereswill, Mechthild; Morgenroth, Christine & Redman, Peter (2010). Alfred Lorenzer and the depth-hermeneutic method. Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society, 15(3), 221-250.
Berg, Phillip; Brehm, Alina; Jentsch, Sebastian; Monecke, Matthias & Witzel, Hauke (2017). "Erinnern, Wiederholen, Durcharbeiten" oder "Kann man nicht einfach normal sein?" Psychoanalytisch-sozialpsychologische Überlegungen zur Kontinuität deutscher Schuldabwehr anhand der Filme "Wir sind jung. Wir sind stark" und "Mitten in Deutschland: NSU. Die Täter". Psychologie und Gesellschaftskritik, 41(3/4), 131-159.
Blodgett, Lisa J.; Boyer, Wanda & Turk, Emily (2005). "No thank you, not today": Supporting ethical and professional relationships in large qualitative studies. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 6(3), Art. 35, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-6.3.31 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Bloom, Paul (2016). Against empathy: The case for rational compassion. New York, NY: Ecco.
Bloom, Paul (2017). Empathy and its discontents. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(1), 24-31.
Bogner, Artur & Rosenthal, Gabriele (2014). The "untold" stories of outsiders and their significance for the analysis of (post-) conflict figurations. Interviews with victims of collective violence in northern Uganda (West Nile). Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 15(3), Art. 4, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-15.3.2138 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Bonz, Jochen & Eisch-Angus, Katharina (2017). Sinn und Subjektivität. Traditionen und Perspektiven des Methodeninstruments Ethnopsychoanalytische Deutungswerkstatt/Supervisionsgruppe für Feldforscher*innen. In Jochen Bonz, Katharina Eisch-Angus, Marion Hamm & Almut Sülzle (Eds.), Ethnografie und Deutung. Gruppensupervision als Methode reflexiven Forschens (pp.27-58). Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
Braun, Virginia & Clarke, Victoria (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Brehm, Alina (2021). Repräsentanzen der Shoah. Über ein Café für Überlebende und die Gegenwart der Vergangenheit. Gießen: Psychosozial.
Brehm, Alina & Gies, Anna (2019). "Auf der Mauer, auf der Lauer". Rassismus und Ostdeutschenfeindlichkeit als Vehikel nationalsozialistischer Gefühlserbschaften. psychosozial 42(2), 42-58.
Brehm, Alina & Kuhlmann, Jakob (Eds.) (2018). Reflexivität und Erkenntnis. Facetten kritisch-reflexiver Wissensproduktion. Gießen: Psychosozial.
Breithaupt, Fritz (2019). The dark sides of empathy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Brenner, Leon S. (2023). Epistemic harm in empathy. HARM – Journal of Hostility, Aggression, Repression and Malice, 2, 11-19, https://doi.org/10.46586/harm.2023.11071 [Accessed: December 6, 2024].
Brockhaus, Gudrun (1997). Schauder und Idylle. Faschismus als Erlebnisangebot. München: Kunstmann.
Buchholz, Michael B. (2017). Empathie und "Typische Problem-Situationen" (TPS). Psyche, 71(1), 28-59.
Butschi, Corinne & Hedderich, Ingeborg (2021). How to involve young children in a photovoice project. Experiences and results. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 22(1), Art. 5, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-22.1.3457 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Cone, Lisa (2007). Review Essay: Resilience in Russian immigrant stories: An alternative to deficiency models. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 8(1), Art. 19, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-8.1.223 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Conroy, Catherine (2017). As a society, are we losing our empathy?. The Irish Times, January 30, https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/as-a-society-are-we-losing-our-empathy-1.2947921 [Accessed: February 10, 2024].
Cordisco Tsai, Laura; Lim, Vanntheary & Nhanh, Channtha (2020). "I feel like we are people who have never known each other before": The experiences of survivors of human trafficking and sexual exploitation transitioning from shelters to life in the community. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 21(1), Art. 16, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-21.1.3259 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Daly, Sarah (2022). An Asian American woman's reflexive account of direct research with incels. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 23(3), Art. 3, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-23.3.3932 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Davis, Mark H. (2015). Empathy and prosocial behavior. In David A. Schroeder & William G. Graziano (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior (pp.282-306). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
de Coning, Alexis (2023). Seven theses on critical empathy: A methodological framework for "unsavory" populations. Qualitative Research, 23(2), 217-233.
Dentith, Audrey M.; Measor, Lynda & O'Malley, Michael P. (2012). The research imagination amid dilemmas of engaging young people in critical participatory work. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 13(1), Art. 17, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-13.1.1788 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Denzin, Norman K. (2012). Triangulation 2.0. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 6(2), 80-88.
Denzin, Norman K. (2014). Interpretive autoethnography. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Devereux, George (1967). From anxiety to method in the behavioral sciences. The Hague: Mouton.
Diner, Dan (1990). Negative symbiosis: Germans and Jews after Auschwitz. In Peter Baldwin (Ed.), Reworking the past: Hitler, the Holocaust, and the historian's debate (pp.251-261). Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Elliott, Robert; Bohart, Arthur C.; Watson, Jeanne C. & Greenberg, Leslie S. (2011). Empathy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 43.
Emdin, Christopher (2006). Beyond coteaching: Power dynamics, cosmopolitanism and the psychoanalytic dimension. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 7(4), Art. 39, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-7.4.189 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Engel, Lis (2008). The dance of the now—Poetics of everyday human movement. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 9(2), Art. 35, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-9.2.388 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Erdheim, Mario (1984). Die gesellschaftliche Produktion von Unbewußtheit. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp.
Fenge, Lee-Ann; Hodges, Caroline & Cutts, Wendy (2016). Performance poetry as a method to understand disability. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 17(2), Art. 11, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-17.2.2464 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Ferrándiz, Francisco & Baer, Alejandro (2008). Digital memory: The visual recording of mass grave exhumations in contemporary Spain. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 9(3), Art.35, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-9.3.1152 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Fincham, Frank D.; Paleari, F. Giorgia & Regalia, Camillo (2002). Forgiveness in marriage: The role of relationship quality, attributions, and empathy. Personal Relationships, 9(1), 27-37.
Fink, Anne S. (2000). The role of the researcher in the qualitative research process. A potential barrier to archiving qualitative data. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1(3), Art. 4, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-1.3.1021 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Finlay, Linda (2005). "Reflexive embodied empathy": A phenomenology of participant-researcher intersubjectivity. The Humanistic Psychologist, 33(4), 271-292.
Freud, Sigmund (1999 [1919]). Das Unheimliche. In Sigmund Freud, Gesammelte Werke. Band XII (pp.227-268). Frankfurt/M.: Fischer.
Friend, Melanie (2010). Representing immigration detainees: The juxtaposition of image and sound in "Border Country". Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 11(2), Art. 33, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-11.2.1484 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Gair, Susan (2012). Feeling their stories: Contemplating empathy, insider/outsider positionings, and enriching qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 22(1), 134-143.
Geertz, Clifford (1973). The interpretation of cultures. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Gubrium, Jaber F. & Holstein, James A. (2012). Narrative practice and the transformation of interview subjectivity. In Jaber F. Gubrium, James A. Holstein, Amir B. Marvasti & Karyn D. McKinney (Eds.), The Sage handbook of interview research: The complexity of the craft (Vol. 2, pp.27-44). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Halilovich, Hariz (2022). The ethnographer unbared: Academic kinship, elective affinities and (re)negotiating researcher positionality. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 23(1), Art. 10, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-23.1.3831 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Haning, R. Vernon; O'Keefe, Stephen L.; Beard, Keith W.; Randall, Elisabeth J.; Kommor, Martin J. & Stroebel, Sandra S. (2008). Empathic sexual responses in heterosexual women and men. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 23(4), 325-344.
Haubl, Rolf (2021). Denn sie wissen, was sie tun. In Ulrike Lamparter, Gabriele Amelung, Annegret Boll-Klatt & Andreas Sadjiroen (Eds.), Die dünne Kruste der Zivilisation (pp.39-54). Gießen: Psychosozial.
Hemmingson, Michael (2009). Review: Leah Vande Berg & Nick Trujillo (2008). Cancer and death: A love story in two voices. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 10(3), Art. 3, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-10.3.1352 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Herzog, Dagmar (2005). Sex after fascism: Memory and morality in twentieth-century Germany. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hochschild, Arlie R. (2016). Strangers in their own land: Anger and mourning on the American right. New York, NY: New Press.
Hollway, Wendy & Jefferson, Tony (2008). The free association narrative interview method. In Lisa M. Given (Ed.), The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods (pp.296-315). Seven Oaks, CA: Sage.
Holstein, James A. & Gubrium, Jaber F. (1995). The active interview. New York, NY: Sage.
Johnson, Helen & Monney, Nicole (2021). Using the arts to support the arts: A creative, community-university partnership approach to building arts inclusivity in economically deprived communities. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 22(3), Art. 2, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-22.3.3650 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Johnson, Helen; Carson-Apstein, Emily; Banderob, Simon & Macaulay-Rettino, Xander (2017). "You kind of have to listen to me": Researching discrimination through poetry. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 18(3), Art. 6, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-18.3.2864 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Kaufman, Lane R. (1990). The other in question: Dialogical experiments in Montaigne, Kafka, and Cortazar. In Tullio Maranhao (Ed.), The interpretation of dialogue (pp.157-194). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Kelly, Martina; de Vries-Erich, Joy; Helmich, Esther; Dornan, Tim & King, Nigel (2017). Embodied reflexivity in qualitative analysis: A role for selfies. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 18(2), Art. 12, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-18.2.2701 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Kelm, Zak, Womer; James, Walter; Jennifer K. & Feudtner, Chris (2014). Interventions to cultivate physician empathy: A systematic review. BMC Medical Education, 14(1), 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-14-219 [Accessed: December 6, 2024].
Kim, Sung S.; Kaplowitz, Stan & Johnston, Mark V. (2004). The effects of physician empathy on patient satisfaction and compliance. Evaluation & The Health Professions, 27(3), 237-251.
Kraus, Wolfgang (2000). Making identity talk. On qualitative methods in a longitudinal study. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1(2), Art. 15, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-1.2.1084 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Kühner, Angela (2018). Jenseits der Kontrollfiktion. Mut und Angst als Schlüsselelemente erkenntnisproduktiver Reflexion in Forschungsprozessen. In Alina Brehm & Jakob Kuhlmann (Eds.), Reflexivität und Erkenntnis. Facetten kritisch-reflexiver Wissensproduktion (pp.101-120). Gießen: Psychosozial.
Kühner, Angela & Langer, Phil C. (2010). Dealing with dilemmas of difference: Ethical and psychological considerations of "othering" and "peer dialogues" in the research encounter. Migration Letters, 7(1), 69-78.
Kühner, Angela; Ploder, Andrea & Langer, Phil C. (2016). Introduction to the special issue: European contributions to strong reflexivity. Qualitative Inquiry, 22(9), 699-704.
LaMarre, Andrea & Rice, Carla (2016). Embodying critical and corporeal methodology: Digital storytelling with young women in eating disorder recovery. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 17(2), Art.7, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-17.2.2474 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Langer, Phil C. (2009). Beschädigte Identität. Dynamiken des sexuellen Risikoverhaltens schwuler und bisexueller Männer. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Langer, Phil C.; Kühner, Angela & Schweder, Panja (2013). Reflexive Wissensproduktion. Anregungen zu einem kritischen Methodenverständnis in qualitativer Forschung. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
Langer, Phil C. (2014). Zum Umgang mit Intimität im Forschungsprozess. Forschungsethische Implikationen des Sprechens über Sexualität in Peer Research. In Hella von Unger, P. Narimani & R. M'Bayo (Eds.), Forschungsethik in qualitativer Forschung. Reflexivität, Perspektiven, Positionen (pp.169-190). Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
Langer, Phil C. (2016). The research vignette: Reflexive writing as interpretative representation of qualitative inquiry—A methodological proposition. Qualitative Inquiry, 22(9), 735-745.
Langer, Phil C. & Ahmad, Aisha-Nusrat (2024). Translating trauma into testimony: Collaborative storytelling with former ISIS child soldiers in northern Iraq. HARM – Journal of Hostility, Aggression, Repression, Malice, 3, 27-47, https://doi.org/10.46586/harm.2024.11519 [Accessed: December 6, 2024].
Langer, Phil C.; Ahmad, Aisha-Nusrat; Auge, Ulrike & Majidi, Khesraw (2021). Jugend in Afghanistan. Ringen um Hoffnung in Zeiten des Krieges. Gießen: Psychosozial.
Lather, Patti (2008). Against empathy, voice and authenticity. In Alecia Y. Jackson & Lisa A. Mazzei (Eds.), Voice in qualitative inquiry (pp.29-38). New York, NY: Routledge.
Lee, Ang (Director) (2005). Brokeback Mountain [Movie]. River Road Entertainment.
Leonard, Douglas (2023). Researching the self: Autoethnography and empathy in the university classroom. Transformative Dialogues: Teaching and Learning Journal, 16(1), 54-71.
Lester, Jessica N. & Anders, Allison D. (2018). Engaging ethics in postcritical ethnography: Troubling transparency, trustworthiness, and advocacy. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 19(3), Art. 4, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-19.3.3060 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Levitan, Joseph; Mahfouz, Julia & Schussler, Deborah L. (2018). Pragmatic identity analysis as a qualitative interview technique. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 19(3), Art. 18, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-19.3.3032 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Levitt, Heidi M.; Motulsky, Sue L.; Wertz, Frederick J.; Morrow, Susan L. & Ponterotto, Joseph G. (2017). Recommendations for designing and reviewing qualitative research in psychology: Promoting methodological integrity. Qualitative Psychology, 4(1), 2-21.
Lohmeier, Christine (2020). Researching family secrets: Methodological approach, reflections and recommendations. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 21(3), Art. 1, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-21.3.3515 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Lorenzer, Alfred (1972). Zur Begründung einer materialistischen Sozialisationstheorie. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp.
Lorenzer, Alfred (1986). Tiefenhermeneutische Kulturanalyse. In Hans-Dieter König, Alfred Lorenzer, Heinz Lüdde, Soren Nagbol, Ulrike Prokop, Gunzelin Schmid-Noerr & Annelinde Eggert (Eds.), Kultur-Analysen. Psychoanalytische Studien zur Kultur (pp.11-98). Frankfurt/M.: Fischer.
Manolas, Evangelos; Hockey, John & Littledyke, Michael (2013). A natural history of an environmentalist: Identifying influences on pro-sustainability behavior through biography and autoethnography. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 14(1), Art. 15, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-14.1.1838 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Markom, Christa (2012). "Culprits at home": Pitfalls and opportunities in research on domestic racists. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 14(1), Art. 8, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-14.1.1820 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
McCartan, Claire; Schubotz, Dirk & Murphy, Jonathan (2012). The self-conscious researcher—post-modern perspectives of participatory research with young people. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 13(1), Art.9, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-13.1.1798 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Morgan, Katalin E. & Henning, Elizabeth (2012). Designing a tool for history textbook analysis. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 14(1), Art. 7, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-14.1.1807 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Morgenroth, Christine (2010). The research relationship, enactments and "counter-transference" analysis: On the significance of scenic understanding. Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society, 15(3), 267-280.
Moroşanu, Laura (2015). Researching coethnic migrants: Privileges and puzzles of "insiderness". Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 16(2), Art. 15, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-16.2.2371 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Morton, Adam (2011). Empathy for the devil. In Amy Coplan & Peter Goldie (Eds.), Empathy: Philosophical and psychological perspectives (pp.318-330). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nadig, Maya (1986). Die verborgene Kultur der Frau. Ethnopsychoanalytische Gespräche mit Bäuerinnen in Mexiko. Frankfurt/M.: Fischer.
Nguyen, Megan (2018). The creative and rigorous use of art in health care research. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 19(2), Art. 16, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-19.2.2844 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Nielsen, Charlotte S. (2012). Looking for children's experiences in movement: The role of the body in "videographic participation". Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 13(3), Art. 18, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-13.3.1571 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
O'Neill, Maggie (2008). Transnational refugees: The transformative role of art?. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 9(2), Art. 59, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-9.2.403 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Olson, Mitchell M. (2008). Using grounded action methodology for student intervention—driven succeeding: A grounded action study in adult education. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 9(1), Art. 9, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-9.1.340 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Otteren, Hilde & Gynnild, Astrid (2021). Remote female fixation—A grounded theory on semi-illegal sharing of nude imagery online. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 22(2), Art. 11, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-22.2.3556 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Parin, Paul; Morgenthaler, Fritz & Parin-Matthèy, Goldy (1963). Die Weißen denken zu viel. Zürich: Atlantis.
Pelias, Ronald J. (2018). Writing performance, identity, and everyday life. New York, NY: Routledge.
Pinker, Steven (2011). The better angels of our nature: The decline of violence in history and its causes. London, UK: Penguin.
Pitard, Jane & Kelly, Meghan (2020). A taxonomy for cultural adaptation: The stories of two academics when teaching indigenous student sojourners. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 21(2), Art. 10, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-21.2.3327 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Ploder, Andrea & Stadlbauer, Johanna (2017). Starke Reflexivität: Autoethnografie und Ethnopsychoanalyse im Gespräch. In Jochen Bonz, Katharina Eisch-Angus, Marion Hamm & Almut Sülzle (Eds), Ethnografie und Deutung (pp.421-438). Wiesbaden. Springer VS.
Pohl, Rolf (2002). Gewalt und Grausamkeit. Sozialpsychologische Anmerkungen zur NS-Täterforschung. In Rolf Pohl & Joachim Perels (Eds.), NS-Täter in der deutschen Gesellschaft (pp.69-117). Hannover: Offizin.
Prior, Matthew T. (2008). Accomplishing "rapport" in qualitative research interviews: Empathic moments in interaction. Applied Linguistics Review, 9(4), 487-511.
Reichmayr, Johannes (1995). Einführung in die Ethnopsychoanalyse: Geschichte, Theorien und Methoden. Frankfurt/M.: Fischer.
Rifkin, Jeremy (2009). The empathic civilization: The race to global consciousness in a world in crisis. New York, NY: Penguin.
Ryan, Louise (2015). "Inside" and "outside" of what or where? Researching migration through multi-positionalities. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 16(2), Art. 17, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-16.2.2333 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Schütze, Fritz (1983). Biographieforschung und narratives Interview. Neue Praxis, 13 (3), 283-293.
Silber, Rolf (Director) (1996). Echte Kerle [Movie]. Bayerischer Rundfunk, Cobra Film GmbH.
Stamer, Maren; Schmacke, Norbert & Richter, Petra (2013). Noncompliance: A never-ending story. Understanding the perspective of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 14(3), Art. 7, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-14.3.1932 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Stevens, Francis & Taber, Katherine (2021). The neuroscience of empathy and compassion in pro-social behavior. Neuropsychologia, 159, 107925.
Sullivan, Gavin B. (2002). Reflexivity and subjectivity in qualitative research: The utility of a Wittgensteinian framework. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 3(3), Art. 20, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-3.3.833 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
van der Vaart, Gwenda; van Hoven, Bettina & Huigen, Paulus P. (2018). Creative and arts-based research methods in academic research: Lessons from a participatory research project in the Netherlands. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 19(2), Art. 19, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-19.2.2961 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Vogl, Susanne; Schmidt, Eva-Maria & Kapella, Olaf (2023). Focus groups with children: Practicalities and methodological insights. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 24(2), Art. 21, [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Watson, Cate (2009). The "impossible vanity": Uses and abuses of empathy in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Research, 9(1) 105-117.
Watts, Jacqueline H. (2008). Emotion, empathy and exit: Reflections on doing ethnographic qualitative research on sensitive topics. Medical Sociology Online, 3(2), 3-14.
Way, Amy. K.; Kanak Zwier, Robin & Tracy, Sarah J. (2015). Dialogic interviewing and flickers of transformation: An examination and delineation of interactional strategies that promote participant self-reflexivity. Qualitative Inquiry, 21(8), 720-731.
Weber, Kirsten (2012). Learning, work, and language games. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 13(3), Art. 24, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-13.3.1905 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Weiner-Levy, Naomi & Popper-Giveon, Ariela (2013). The absent, the hidden and the obscured: Reflections on "dark matter" in qualitative research. Quality & Quantity, 47, 2177-2190.
Welzer, Harald (2005). Grandpa wasn't a nazi: The Holocaust in German family remembrance. New York, NY: American Jewish Committee.
Winter, Sebastian (2024). Unheimlich Nah. Überlegungen zum Verstehen des Rechtsextremismus in Forschung und Sozialer Arbeit. ZQF – Zeitschrift für qualitative Forschung, 25(1), 51-65.
Woodgate, Roberta L.; Zurba, Melanie & Tennent, Pauline (2017). A day in the life of a young person with anxiety: Arts-based boundary objects used to communicate the results of health research. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 18(3), Art. 2, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-18.3.2886 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Alina Brehm, Phil C. Langer
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.