Conducting Biographical-Narrative Interviews During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Methodological Reflections on Situated Affective Encounters and Emotional Reflexivity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-26.1.4357Keywords:
COVID-19 pandemic, biographical-narrative interviewing, digital online interviews, situated affective encounters, emotional reflexivityAbstract
In pre-pandemic times, biographical-narrative interviews were conducted regularly on-site in intimate face-to-face situations. However, the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by several lockdowns and the politics of social distancing, forced many scholars to use digital tools for interviewing. In this article, I take a self-reflexive, autoethnographic look at my own research process during the COVID-19 pandemic. I explore the problems I faced in conducting interviews both on-site and in online settings. I focus on the affective and emotional dimension, as this was strongly influenced by "atmospheres of anxiety" (TRIGG, 2022), created by the pandemic. I propose the concept of "emotional reflexivity" (HOLMES, 2015) as a tool for dealing with the challenges encountered in the research field. Furthermore, I advocate an epistemic exploration of the objections and opportunities of conducting biographical-narrative interviews in digital online space. In so doing, I aim to contribute to the empirically grounded, methodological discussion of the affective and emotional underpinnings and diverse ways of conducting such interviews.
Downloads
References
Abidin, Crystal & de Seta, Gabriele (2020). Private messages from the field: Confessions on digital ethnography and its discomforts. Journal of Digital Social Research, 2(1), 1-9, https://jdsr.se/ojs/index.php/jdsr/article/view/35 [Accessed: January 17, 2025].
Ahmed, Sarah (2004). The cultural politics of emotion. New York, NY: Routledge.
Anderson, Ben (2009). Affective atmospheres. Emotion, Space and Society, 2(2), 77-81.
Andrews, Molly; Squire, Corinne & Tambokou, Maria (Eds.) (2008). Doing narrative research. London: Sage.
Apitzsch, Ursula & Siouti, Irini (2007). Biographical analysis as an interdisciplinary research perspective in the field of migration studies. Frankfurt/M.: Goethe Universität.
Archer, Margareth S. (2000). Being human: The problem of agency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Archibald, M. Mandy; Ambagtsheer, Rachel; Myvourneen, Casey G. & Lawless, Michael (2019). Using Zoom videoconferencing for qualitative data collection: Perceptions and experiences of researchers and participants. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18, 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691987459 [Accessed: October 14, 2023].
Ayata, Bilgin; Harders, Cilja; Özkaya, Derya & Wahba, Dina (2019). Interviews as situated affective encounters. A relational and processual approach for empirical research on affect, emotions and politics. In Antje Kahl (Ed.), Analyzing affective societies (pp.63-77). Oxon: Routledge.
Becker, Johannes & Rosenthal, Gabriele (2022). Ethnographie und Biographieforschung. In Angelika Poferl & Norbert Schröer (Eds.), Handbuch Soziologische Ethnographie (pp.367-382). Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
Becker, Johannes; Pohn-Lauggas, Maria & Santos, Hermilio (2023). Introduction: Reconstructive biographical research. Current Sociology, 71(4), 552-566.
Bergman Blix, Stina & Wettergren, Åsa (2015). The emotional labour of gaining and maintaining access to the field. Qualitative Research, 15(6), 219-234.
Bille, Mikkel; Bjerregaard, Peter & Flohr Sørensen, Tim (2015). Staging atmospheres: Materiality, culture, and the texture of the in-between. Emotion, Space and Society, 15, 31-38.
Bourdieu, Pierre (2000 [1997]). Pascalian meditations. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Brooks, Abigail T. (2007). Feminist standpoint epistemology. Building knowledge and empowerment through women's lived experience. In Patricia Lina Leavy & Sharlene Nagy Hesse-Biber (Eds.), Feminist research practice: A primer (pp.53-82). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Brownlie, Julie (2011). Not "going there": limits to the professionalization of our emotional lives. Sociology of Health & Illness, 33(1), 130-144.
Burkitt, Ian (2012). Emotional reflexivity: Feeling, emotion and imagination in reflexive dialogues. Sociology, 46(3), 458-472.
Chamberlayne, Prue; Bornat, Joanna & Wengraf, Tom (2000). The turn to biographical methods in social science. Comparative issues and examples. London: Routledge.
Dausien, Bettina & Kelle, Helga (2005). Biographie und kulturelle Praxis. Methodologische Überlegungen zur Verknüpfung von Ethnographie und Biographieforschung. In Bettina Völter, Bettina Dausien, Helma Lutz & Gabriele Rosenthal (Eds.), Biographieforschung im Diskurs (pp.189-212). Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Dausien, Bettina & Thoma, Nadja (2023). "Small stories" as methodological approach. Reflections on biographical narratives based on an ethnographic research project with refugee school students. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 24(1), Art. 3, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-24.1.3784 [Accessed: September 15, 2024].
Davies, James & Spencer, Dimitrina (Eds.) (2010). Emotions in the field: the psychology and anthropology of fieldwork experience. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Davis, Kathy & Irvine, Janice (2022). Silences, neglected feelings, and blind-spots in research practice. New York, NY: Routledge.
Deakin, Hannah & Wakefield, Kelly (2013). Skype interviewing: Reflections of two PhD researchers. Qualitative Research, 14(5), 603-616.
Devereux, Georges (1984 [1967]). Angst und Methode in den Verhaltenswissenschaften. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp.
Douglas, Kate & Barnwell, Ashley (Eds.) (2019). Research methodologies for auto/biography studies. New York, NY: Routledge.
Dröge, Kai (2020). Qualitative Interviews am Telefon oder online durchführen. QUASUS. Qualitatives Methodenportal zur qualitativen Sozial-, Unterrichts- und Schulforschung, http://romanticentrepreneur.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Qualitative-Interviews-am-Telefon-oder-online.pdf [Accessed: July 8, 2024].
Ellis, Carolyn (2004). The ethnographic I. A methodological novel about autoethnography. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira.
Ellis, Carolyn; Adams, Tony E. & Bochner, Arthur P. (2011). Autoethnography: An overview. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 12(1), Art.10, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-12.1.1589 [Accessed: January 17, 2025].
Ellis, Carolyn; Kiesinger, Christine & Tillman-Healy, Lisa (1997). Interactive interviewing. Taking about emotional experience. In Rosanna Hertz (Ed.), Reflexivity and voice (pp.119-149). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Falter, Michelle; Arenas, Aaron A.; Maples, Gordon W.; Smith, Chelsea T.; Lamb, Lisa J.;Anderson, Michael G.; Uzzell, Elizabeth M.; Jacobs, Laura E.; Cason, Xavier L.; Griffis, Tiara A.; Polzin, Megan & Wafa, Nada Z. (2022). Making room for Zoom in focus group methods: Opportunities and challenges for novice researchers (during and beyond Covid-19). Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 23(1), Art. 21, https://doi.org/10.17169/FQS-23.1.3768 [Accessed: September 8, 2024].
Flam, Helena (2002). Soziologie der Emotionen. Konstanz: UTB.
Flam, Helena & Kleres, Jochen (Eds.) (2015). Methods of exploring emotions. London: Routledge.
Foucault, Michel (2003 [1974]). Die Ordnung der Dinge. Eine Archäologie der Humanwissenschaften. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp.
Gilbert, Kathleen R. (2000). The emotional nature of qualitative research. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Gottschalk, Ines; Krämer, Anike & Tepeli, Dilek (Eds.) (2024). Forschen und Gefühle I. Psychologie & Gesellschaftskritik, 48(189), 414-531.
Gray, Lisa M.; Wong-Wylie, Gina; Rempel, Gwen R. & Cook, Karen (2020). Expanding qualitative research interviewing strategies: Zoom video communications. The Qualitative Report, 25(5), 1292- 1301, https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4212 [Accessed: October 13, 2024].
Gugutzer, Robert & Barrick, Jerome (2022). Atmosphäre. In Robert Gugutzer, Gabriele Klein & Michael Meuser (Eds.), Handbuch Körpersoziologie (pp.3-8). Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
Haraway, Donna (1995 [1988]). Situiertes Wissen. Die Wissenschaftsfrage im Feminismus und das Privileg einer partialen Perspektive. In Carmen Hammer & Immanuel Stieß (Eds.), Donna Haraway: Die Neuerfindung der Natur. Primaten, Cyborgs und Frauen (pp.73-97). Frankfurt/M.: Campus.
Harding, Sandra (1993). Rethinking standpoint epistemology: What is "strong objectivity"?. In Linda Alcoff & Elisabeth Potter (Eds.), Feminist epistemologies (pp.49-82). New York, NY: Routledge.
Harding, Sandra (Ed.) (2004). The feminist standpoint theory reader. New York, NY: Routledge.
Hochschild, Arlie (1979). Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure. The American Journal of Sociology, 85(3), 551-575.
Hochschild, Arlie (2012 [1983]). The managed heart. Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Holmes, Mary (2010). The emotionalization of reflexivity. Sociology, 44(1), 139-154.
Holmes, Mary (2015). Researching emotional reflexivity. Emotion Review, 7(1), 61-66.
Howlett, Marnie (2022). Looking at the "field" R through a Zoom lens: Methodological reflections on conducting online research during a global pandemic. Qualitative Research, 22(3), 387-402, https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794120985691[Accessed: April 15, 2024].
Jenner, Brandy M. & Myers, Kit C. (2019). Intimacy, rapport, and exceptional disclosure: A comparison on in-person and mediated interview contexts. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 22(2), 165-177.
Kleinman, Sherryl & Copp, Martha A. (1993). Emotions and fieldwork. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Kleres, Jochen (2010). Emotions and narrative analysis: A methodological approach. Theory of Social Behaviour, 41(2), 182-202.
Kleres, Jochen & Albrecht, Yvonne (Eds.) (2015). Die Ambivalenz der Gefühle: Über die verbindende und widersprüchliche Sozialität der Emotionen. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
Köttig, Michaela (2005). Triangulation von Fallrekonstruktionen. Biographie- und Interaktionsanalysen. In Bettina Völter, Bettina Dausien, Helma Lutz & Gabriele Rosenthal (Eds.), Biographieforschung im Diskurs (pp.65-83). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Köttig, Michaela & Ruokonen-Engler, Minna-Kristiina (2021). Joint Report of the RC 38 Panels on "Doing Biographical Research Under Conditions of Pandemic: Methodological Challenges" & "Methodical Innovations and Biographical Research in Times of Covid-19" at IV ISA Forum of Sociology in Porto Alegre. Biography and Society Newsletter, 67(1), 6-7, https://drive.google.com/file/d/191vEWAUCmj8q_bujZmLWnH2w7HRG0rIo/view [Accessed: January 17, 2025].
Kolehmainen, Marjo (2019). Affective assemblages: Atmospheres and therapeutic knowledge production in/through the researcher-body. In Suvi Salmenniemi, Johanna Nurmi, Inna Perheentupa & Harley Bergroth (Eds.), Assembling therapeutics. Cultures, politics and materiality (pp.43-57). London: Routledge, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351233392 [Accessed: July 8, 2024].
Kuehner, Angela; Ploder, Andrea & Langer, Phil C. (2016). Introduction to the special issue: "European Contributions to Strong Reflexivity". Qualitative Inquiry, 22(9), 699-704.
Lee-Treweek, Geraldine (2000). The insight of emotional danger. Research experiences in a home for older people. In Geraldine Lee-Treweek & Stephanie Linkogle (Eds.), Danger in the field: Risks and ethics in social research (pp.114-131). London: Routledge.
Lutz, Helma & Davis, Kathy (2005). Geschlechterforschung und Biographieforschung: Intersektionalität als biographische Ressource am Beispiel einer außergewöhnlichen Frau. In Bettina Völter, Helma Lutz & Gabriele Rosenthal (Eds.), Biographieforschung im Diskurs (pp.228-247). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Moran, Lisa & Caetano, Ana (2022). Biographical research through the looking glass of social distancing: Reflections on biographical interviewing and online technologies in pandemic times. Irish Journal of Sociology, 30(2), 209-213.
Mühlhoff, Rainer (2015). Affective resonance and social interaction. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 14(4), 1001-1019, https://philarchive.org/archive/MHLARA [Accessed: February 07, 2024].
Muranaka, Aimi (2024). Being a foreigner during the COVID-19 pandemic: Researcher positionality in online interviews. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 25(1), Art.1, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-25.1.4075 [Accessed: July 8, 2024].
O'Connor Henrietta & Madge, Clare (2017). Online interviewing. In Nigel Fielding, Raymond Lee & Grant Blank (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of online research methods (pp.416-434). London: Sage.
Pape, Elise (2018). Biographieforschung und ethnographische Beobachtungen. In Helma Lutz, Martina Schiebel & Elisabeth Tuider (Eds.), Handbuch Biographieforschung (pp.549-561). Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
Rahman, Syahirah Abdul; Tuckerman, Lauren; Vorley, Tim & Gherhes, Christian (2021). Resilient research in the field: Insights and lessons from adapting qualitative research projects during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20, 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211016106 [Accessed: September 10, 2024].
Reckwitz, Andreas (2012). Affective spaces: A praxeological outlook. Rethinking History,16(2), 241-258.
Reichertz, Jo (2021). Die coronabedingte Krise der qualitativen Sozialforschung. Soziologie, 50(3), 313-335, https://soziologie.de/fileadmin/user_upload/zeitschrift/volltexte/Reichertz_SOZIOLOGIE_3_2021.pdf [Accessed: January 17, 2025].
Resch, Christine (1998). Arbeitsbündnisse in der Sozialforschung. In Heinz Steinert (Ed.), Zur Kritik der empirischen Sozialforschung. Ein Methodengrundkurs (pp.36-66). Frankfurt/M.: Pollinger.
Rick, Jana (2023). Problemzentrierte Interviews online und offline: eine methodische Reflexion. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 24(2), Art. 6, https://dx.doi.org/10.17169/fqs-24.2.3977 [Accessed: July 07, 2024].
Riessman, Catherine Kohler (2008). Narrative methods for the human sciences. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Rosenthal, Gabriele (2008 [2005]). Interpretative Sozialforschung. Eine Einführung (2nd rev. ed.). Weinheim: Juventa.
Ruokonen-Engler, Minna Kristiina & Siouti, Irini (2013). "Doing biographical reflexivity" as a methodological tool in transnational research settings. Transnational Social Review: A Social Work Journal, 3(1), 247-261.
Ruokonen-Engler, Minna Kristiina & Siouti, Irini (2016). Biographical entanglements, self-reflexivity, and transnational knowledge production. Qualitative Inquiry, 22(9), 745-752.
Salmons, Janet (2012). Designing and conducting research with online interviews. In Janet Salmons (Ed.), Cases in online interview research (pp.1-35). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Schiek, Daniela (2022). Schriftliche Online-Interviews in der qualitativen Sozialforschung: zur methodologischen Begründung einer neuen Forschungspraxis. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 23(1), Art. 5, http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/fqs- 23.1.3754 [Accessed: August 18, 2024].
Schütze, Fritz (1983). Biographieforschung und narratives Interview. Neue Praxis, 13(3), 283-293, https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-53147 [Accessed: December 5, 2024].
Schütze, Fritz (1987). Das Narrative Interview in Interaktionsfeldstudien I. Hagen: Fernuniversität.
Seyfert, Robert (2012). Beyond personal feelings and collective emotions: Towards a theory of social affect. Theory, Culture and Society, 29(6), 27-46.
Siouti, Irini (2017). Biography as a theoretical and methodological key concept in transnational migration studies. In Ivor Godson, Ari Antikainen, Molly Andrews & Pat Sikes (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook on narrative and life history (pp.179-190). Abingdon: Routledge.
Slaby, Jan & Mühlhoff (2019). Affect. In Jan Slaby & Christian von Scheve (Eds.), Affective societies. Key concepts (pp.27-41). London: Routledge.
Slaby, Jan & Röttger-Rössler, Birgitt (2017). Introduction: Affect in relation. In Birgitt Röttger-Rössler & Jan Slaby (Eds.), Affect in relation. Families, places, technologies (pp.1-28). London: Routledge.
Slaby, Jan & von Scheve, Christian (Eds.) (2019). Affective societies. Key concepts. London: Routledge.
Smith, Sidonie & Watson, Julia (2010 [2001]). Reading autobiography: A guide for interpreting life narratives (2nd ed.). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Stanley, Liz (1992). The auto/biographical I. The theory and practice of feminist auto/biography. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Tekath, Miriam (2024). Relational dynamics of conducting field research during a (global) pandemic. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 25(3), Art. 1, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-25.2.4142 [Accessed: January 17, 2025].
Trigg, Dylan (2022). Atmospheres of anxiety. The case of Covid-19. In Dylan Trigg (Ed.), Atmospheres and shared emotions (pp.77-95). New York, NY: Routledge.
von Bose, Käthe (2023). Affektive Ethnografie. Zum Erforschen von Atmosphären des Exklusiven während der Pandemie. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 24(3), Art. 4, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-24.3.4006 [Accessed: February 23, 2024].
von Scheve, Christian (2018). A social relational account of affect. European Journal of Social Theory, 21(1), 39-59.
von Scheve, Christian & Slaby, Jan (2019). Emotion, emotion concept. In Jan Slaby & Christian von Scheve (Eds.), Affective societies. Key concepts (pp.42-51). London: Routledge.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Minna Kristiina Ruokonen-Engler
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.